The short answer is no, if you've posted the invoice through Payables Transaction Entry, there's no way to tie that back to a PO.
This happens to us every so often as well. Usually the user will end up just canceling the PO and then a manual adjustment is made in the inventory module. If you try and receive/invoice the outstanding PO, you'll end up hitting the GL again and leave an outstanding payable.
The good news is that with GP 2015 R2, the user will get a warning message if they try and enter an invoice in the Payables transaction entry window if an open PO exists.